Analysis of volatile constituents and chemical relationship of cultivated and wild Angelica dahurica / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To determine the volatile constituents and their contents in the roots of 5 cultivated Angelica dahurica and one wild A. dahurica and analyze the chemical relationship among the plants of A. dahurica.@*METHODS@#The essential oil was extracted from the roots of 5 cultivated plants of Angelica dahurica and one wild A. dahurica by water steam distillation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to separate and identify all the volatile oil components in the extracts, and their relative contents were calculated with area normalization method. We also conducted clustering analysis and principal component analysis of the volatile oil components.@*RESULTS@#We identified a total of 81 compounds from the roots of the 6 plants of Angelica dahurica, including 27 in Chuanbaizhi (Angelica dahurica cv. 'Hangbaizhi'), 34 in Hangbaizhi (Angelica dahurica cv. 'Hangbaizhi'), 24 in Qibaizhi (Angelica dahurica cv. 'Qibaizhi'), 32 in Yubaizhi (Angelica dahurica cv.'Qibaizhi'), 28 in Bobahizhi (Angelica dahurica cv.'Qibaizhi'), and 34 in Xinganbaizhi (Angelica dahuirca). These compounds included, in the order of their relative contents (from high to low), alkanes, olefins, esters, organic acids and alcohols. Among the common components found in the roots of all the plants of A. dahurica, nonylcyclopropane, cyclododecane and hexadecanoic acid were identified as the volatile oil components that showed the highest relative contents. Clustering analysis of the volatile oil components showed that wild Angelica dahurica (Xing'anbaizhi) and the 5 cultivated Angelica dahurica (Chuanbaizhi, Hangbaizhi, Qibaizhi, Yubaizhi, Bobaizhi) could be divided into two groups, and the cultivated Angelica dahurica could be divided into two subgroups: Chuanbaizhi, Yubaizhi and Hangbahizhi were clustered in one subgroup, and Qibaizhi and Bobaizhi in another. The results of principal component analysis was consistent with those of clustering analysis.@*CONCLUSION@#The main volatile oil components and their contents vary among the 6 plants of A. dahurica. Nonylcyclopropane, cyclododecane and hexadecanoic acid are the most abundant volatile oil components in all the plants of A. dahurica, which can be divided into two clusters.

GLC-MS profiling of non-polar extracts from Phlomis bucharica and P. salicifolia and their cytotoxicity / Perfiles GLC-MS de extractos no polares de Phlomis bucharica y P. salicifolia y su citotoxicidad

Phlomis species (Phlomis bucharica Regel and P. salicifolia Regel) have been traditionally used by Uzbek people as stimulant, tonic, diuretic, and in the treatment of ulcers, hemorrhoids, wounds and gynecological problems. In the present study, we characterized the chemical composition of non-polar extracts from P. bucharica and P. salicifolia by high resolution GLC-MS and evaluated their cytotoxicity. Concentrations of hexadecanoic acid in hexane and chloroform extracts were higher in P. bucharica than in P. salicifolia. 1,8- Cineol, camphor, borneol, alfa-terpinol, thymol, and isobornyl acetate were detected in P. bucharica but not in P. salicifolia. About 45 components were identified in P. bucharica and 40 in P. salicifolia. The chloroform extract from P. bucharica showed cytotoxicity in HeLa and HL-60 cells, with IC50 values of 26.07 and 29.42 ug/ml, respectively.

Las especies Phlomis (Phlomis bucharica Regel y P. salicifolia Regel) se han utilizado tradicionalmente por la gente de Uzbekistán como estimulante, tónico, diurético, y en el tratamiento de las úlceras, hemorroides, heridas y problemas ginecológicos. En el presente estudio, hemos caracterizado la composición química de los extractos no polares de P. bucharica y P. salicifolia por GLC-MS de alta resolución y se evaluó su citotoxicidad. Las concentraciones de ácido hexadecanoico en extractos de hexano y cloroformo fueron mayores en P. bucharica que en P. salicifolia. 1,8-cineol, alcanfor, borneol, se detectaron alfa-terpinol, timol, y acetato de isobornilo en P. bucharica pero no en P. salicifolia. Cerca de 45 componentes fueron identificados en P. bucharica y 40 en P. salicifolia. El extracto de cloroformo a partir de P. bucharica mostró citotoxicidad en células HL-60 y HeLa, con valores de CI 50 de 26,07 y 29,42 ug/ml, respectivamente.

Fatty acid composition indicating diverse habitat use in coral reef fishes in the Malaysian South China Sea

BACKGROUND: In order to understand feeding ecology and habitat use of coral reef fish, fatty acid composition was examined in five coral reef fishes, Thalassoma lunare, Lutjanus lutjanus, Abudefduf bengalensis, Scarus rivulatus and Scolopsis affinis collected in the Bidong Island of Malaysian South China Sea. RESULTS: Proportions of saturated fatty acids (SAFA) ranged 57.2% 74.2%, with the highest proportions in fatty acids, the second highest was monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) ranged from 21.4% to 39.0% and the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was the lowest ranged from 2.8% to 14.1%. Each fatty acid composition differed among fishes, suggesting diverse feeding ecology, habitat use and migration during the fishes' life history in the coral reef habitats. CONCLUSIONS: Diets of the coral fish species might vary among species in spite of that each species are living sympatrically. Differences in fatty acid profiles might not just be considered with respect to the diets, but might be based on the habitat and migration.

Fat profile of Jamaican ackees, oleic acid content and possible health implications / Perfil de grasas del seso vegetal jamaicano, contenido de ácido oleico, y posibles implicaciones para la salud

OBJECTIVE: To re-investigate the composition of ackee oil and unequivocally determine its principal fatty acid components. METHODS: Oil was extracted from the edible portion of ackees harvested in three different studies (I - III) by several analysts; studies I and II utilized composite samples from several trees while study III consisted of ackees from seven separate trees. The oils were either saponified and methylated or trans-methylated and the fatty acid methyl ester content analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Relative fatty acid composition was quantified based on chromatographic peak areas while fatty acids were identified by mass spectrometry. The degree of unsaturation of the ackee oils was characterized by determination of the iodine value. RESULTS: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data from the three studies were assessed. Relative fatty acid composition for the ackee oils was consistent across the three studies. The major fatty acid components were oleic acid (55.44%), palmitic acid (25.57%) and stearic acid (12.59%); linoleic acid was present in minor to undetectable amounts. An iodine value of 49 was determined which is consistent with the high oleic acid content of the ackee oil. CONCLUSION: The ackee samples analysed were rich in the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) oleic acid.Consideration should be given to potential protective health effects of diets which include ackee.

OBJETIVO: Re-investigar la composición del aceite del seso vegetal (ackee) y determinar de manera inequívoca sus componentes principales de ácidos grasos. MÉTODOS: Se extrajo el aceite de la porción comestible de sesos vegetales de la Blighia sapida (ackee), cosechados como parte de tres estudios diferentes (I - III) por varios analistas. Los estudios I y II utilizaron muestras combinadas de varios árboles de Blighia sapida, en tanto que el estudio III estuvo formado por muestras de siete árboles de Blighia sapida por separado. Los aceites fueron saponificados y metilados o transmetilados, y el contenido de éster metílico de ácidos grasos fue analizado mediante técnicas de cromatografía de gases y espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). La composición relativa de ácidos grasos se cuantificó sobre la base de las áreas cromatográficas pico, mientras que los ácidos grasos se identificaron mediante espectrometría de masas. El grado de insaturación de los aceites de seso vegetal fue caracterizado mediante la determinación del valor de yodo. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron los datos de la cromatografía de gases acoplada con espectrometría de masas de los tres estudios. La composición relativa de ácido grasos de los aceites de seso vegetal, fue constante a través de los tres estudios. Los componentes principales del ácido graso fueron el ácido oleico (55.44%), el ácido palmítico (25.57%), y el ácido esteárico (12.59%). El ácido linoleico estuvo presente en cantidades que fluctuaron de menores a indetectables. Se determinó un valor de yodo de 49, el cual está en correspondencia con el alto contenido de ácido oleico en el seso vegetal. CONCLUSIÓN: Las muestras analizadas de sesos vegetales de la Blighia sapida (ackee) eran ricas en ácidos grasos monoinsaturados (MUFA por sus siglas en inglés) y ácidos oleicos. Debe prestarse atención a los posibles efectos protectores de la salud de dietas que incluyen sesos vegetales.

Compositional studies and Biological activities of Perovskia abrotanoides Kar. oils

BACKGROUND: Current study has been designed to evaluate the chemical composition of essential and fixed oils from stem and leaves of Perovskia abrotanoides and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of these oils. RESULTS: GC-MS analysis of essential oil identified 19 compounds with (E)-9-dodecenal being the major component in stem and hexadecanoic acid in leaves. In contrast, GC-MS analysis of fixed oil showed 40 constituents with α-amyrin the major component in stem and α-copaene in leaves. The antioxidant activity showed the highest value of 76.7% in essential oil from leaves in comparison with fixed oil from stem (45.9%) through inhibition of peroxidation in linoleic acid system. The antimicrobial assay tested on different microorganisms (e.g. E. coli, S. aureus, B. cereus, Nitrospira, S. epidermis, A. niger, A. flavus and C. albicans) showed the higher inhibition zone at essential oil from leaves (15.2 mm on B. cereus) as compared to fixed oil from stem (8.34 mm onS. aureus) and leaves (11.2 mm on S. aureus). CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed the fact that essential oil analyzed from Perovskia abrotanoides stem and leaves could be a promising source of natural products with potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, as compared to fixed oil.

Modificaciones de las lipoproteínas del plasma en voluntarios sometidos a dietas preparadas con aceite de girasol solo o mezclado con oleína de palma / Changes in the content of plasma lipoproteins in persons subjected to diets prepared with sunflower oil alone or mixed with palm olein

En 31 comensales regulares del Comedor Universitario de la Universidad Central de Venezuela (CUUCV), en Caracas. Se observó el efecto de la sustitución del aceite de girasol que se utiliza corrientemente en la preparación de las comidas en ese comedor, por un aceite obtenido de la mezcla de aceite de girasol y oleína de palma, en la proporción 70/30 (v/v) respectivamente. Después de 40 días continuos de la sustitución no hubo cambios significativos en las concentraciones de colesterol total (CT), ni del colesterol de las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL) y muy baja densidad (VLDL). La concentración del colesterol de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL) aumentó significativamente (p<0,05). Los triglicéridos (TG) del plasma aumentaron en un 30%. La resistencia a la oxidación de las LDL aumentó considerablemente (p< 0,01). Hoy se considera a esta resistencia como un factor protector de gran importancia en la prevención del inicio del proceso aterogénico. Tomando en cuenta las modificaciones favorables como el aumento de colesterol de HDL sin modificación de la LDL y el claro aumento de la resistencia a la oxidación de la LDL, se considera que la oleína de palma es un aceite vegetal que puede ser utilizado sin mayores riesgos en mezcla con otros aceites que tengan una relación linoleico/palmítico más elevada como los aceites de girasol, maíz, soja y otros.

We analyzed in 31 subjects, regular guests of the University food service of the Central University of Venezuela (UCVFS), in Caracas, the effects of replacing sunflower oil, commonly used in the preparation of meals, by a mix of sunflower oil and palm olein 70/30 (v/v) respectively. Plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, low and very low density lipoproteins were not changed after 40 days of the substitution. On the contrary, concentrations of high density lipoprotein and total triglycerides increased. The resistance to the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins increased considerably (p<0, 01). Today this resistance is considered as a protective factor of great importance in the prevention of the initiation of the atherogenic process. Taking into account the favorable modifications of HDL cholesterol and the clear increased resistance to the oxidation of LDL, we think that palm olein, mixed with other oils with a high ratio linoleic/palmític (sunflower, corn, soya an the likes), can be used as a healthy alternative in human nutrition.

Lipids, proteins, phenolic composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of seeds of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea l) cultivated in Tunisia

Fatty acid composition of peanut seed oil in four varieties cultivated in Tunisia showed that linoleic (C18:2), oleic (C18:1) and palmitic (C16) acids account for more than 84% for Chounfakhi and Massriya and for more than 85% of the total fatty acids of Trabilsia and Sinya seed oil respectively. Seed oil contents were significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) and did not exceed 48%. The study of total phenolics revealed that Chounfakhi contained more total phenolics (2.1 mg GAE/g DW), followed by the Massriya and Sinya cultivars (1.35 mg GAE/g DW for each); Trabilsia presented the lowest total phenolic content with 1 mg GAE/g DW. Considerable antiradical ability was found, especially in the Trabilsia peanut seed cultivar (IC50 = 1550 μg/ml), the Massriya and Sinya cultivars had, respectively, 720 and 820 mg/ml IC50. In the Massriya variety the sterol fraction showed antibacterial activity against Listeria ivanovii, Listeria inocua, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococus aureus, Enterococcus hirae and Bacillus cereus.

Perfil de triacilgliceroles y porcentaje de ácido palmítico en la posición sn-2 en sustitutos de leche materna / Profile of triacylglycerols and percentage of palmitic acid at the sn-2 in breast milk substitutes

El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar el porcentaje de ácido palmítico en la posición sn-2 de los triacilgliceroles en sustitutos de la leche materna. Se analizaron 6 productos del mercado argentino que se presentan como sustitutos de la leche materna durante el primer semestre de vida: 2 fórmulas con aceites vegetales como fuente básica de lípidos (F1 y F2); 1 fórmula con grasa láctea como base y aceites vegetales (F3); 1 fórmula con lípidos estructurados y aceites vegetales (F4); 2 fórmulas para prematuros, una con grasa láctea como base y otros aceites (F5) y otra con aceites vegetales (F6). Los resultados muestran que F1, F2, F3 y F4 presentaron 14,6%, 14,8%, 48,1% y 44,5% del ácido palmítico en la posición sn-2, respectivamente. Por su parte, las fórmulas F5 y F6 presentaron 49,5% y 14,6% delácido palmítico en la posición sn-2. Las fórmulas con base láctea presentaron la mayor concentración de ácido palmítico en la posición sn-2.

The aim of this study was to analyze the percentage of palmitic acid at sn-2 position on triacylglycerols in infant formulas. We studied 6 infant formulas in the Argentinean market that are used as breast-milk substitutes during the frst six months after delivery: 2 formulas with vegetable oils as basic source of lipids (F1, F2); 1 formula with milk fat and vegetable oils (F3); 1 formula with structured lipids and vegetable oils (F4); 2 formulas for pre-term infants, one with milk fat and other oils (F5), and the other with vegetable oils (F6). Results showed that F1, F2, F3 and F4 presented 14.6%, 14.8%, 48.1% and 44.5%, respectively, of palmitic acid at sn-2 position, whereas formulas F5 and F6 had 49.5% and 14.6%, respectively, of palmitic acid at sn-2 position. Milk-based infant formulas had the highest concentration of palmitic acid at sn-2 position.

Development and evaluation of a hot-melt coating technique for enteric coating

Conventional enteric coating requires the use of organic based polymers which are equally hazardous to the environment and operating personnel. Hot-melt coating avoids the use of solvents and is a safer and time-saving process. The present study was designed to assess the efficacy of hot-melt coating (HMC) as an enteric coating technique. Pellets prepared by extrusion spheronization were selected as the core formulation for a model of the gastric irritant drug diclofenac sodium (DFS) because of their innate advantages over single-unit formulations. Stearic acid (SA) and palmitic acid (PA) were evaluated as enteric hot-melt coating materials. HMC was carried out in a specially modified coating pan by applying SA and PA in molten state onto preheated pellets to achieve a coating level of 5-15 %w/w. Hot-melt coated pellets were evaluated for disintegration pH and in vitro dissolution in the pH range 1.2 to 6.8, along with basic micromeritics. SEM of coated pellets showed a uniform and smooth coating. These results indicated that HMC of both SA and PA exhibited very good enteric coating ability. The coated pellets showed negligible drug release in acidic pH. As the pellets were subsequently transferred to a higher pH level, a gradual increase in release of the drug from the pellets was observed with increasing pH of the dissolution media. The release was dependent upon coating extent, providing sustained enteric release as opposed to abrupt release with mixed release kinetics.

O revestimento entérico convencional requer o uso de polímeros orgânicos os quais são igualmente danosos ao meio ambiente e ao pessoal que o executa. O revestimento por fusão a quente evita o uso de solventes e é processo mais seguro e que consome menos tempo. O presente estudo foi planejado para avaliar a eficácia do revestimento por fusão a quente (RFQ) como técnica de revestimento entérico. Os péletes preparados por esferonização por extrusão foram selecionados como formulação central para modelo de fármaco irritante gástrico, o diclofenaco sódico (DFS) em razão das vantagens inerentes sobre as formulações de única dose. O ácido esteárico (AE) e o ácido palmítico (AP) foram avaliados como materiais para o revestimento de fusão a quente. O RFQ foi realizado em recipiente especialmente modificado, aplicando AS e PA no estado fundido em péletes pré-aquecidos para atingir nível de revestimento de 5 a 15% p/P. Os péletes revestidos por fusão a quente for avaliados quanto ao pH de desintegração e à dissolução in vitro na faixa de pH de 1,2 a 6,8, juntamente com base micromerítica. O SEM dos péletes revestido mostrou revestimento uniforme e plano. Esses resultados indicaram que o RFQ tanto do AE quanto do AP apresentou capacidade de revestimento muito boa. Os péletes revestidos mostraram pouca liberação do fármaco em pH baixo. Como os péletes foram, subsequentemente, transferidos para pH mais altos, observou-se aumento gradual na liberação do fármaco dos péletes com o aumento do pH do meio de dissolução. A liberação foi dependente da extensão do revestimento, sendo a liberação entérica controlada, contrariamente à liberação abrupta com cinéticas mistas.

Proximate composition and functional properties of Bulma cotton [Bombcapsis glabra] seeds

BOMBCAPSIS glabra seeds has percentage protein [16.50], crude fat [34.8], crude fibre [8.70] and ash [3.52] contents. The predominant mineral was potassium, 791mg/100g of sample. Palmitic acid was the predominant fatty acid constituting 75.0% in the seeds oil. The amino acid pattern of the seed flour showed that Aspartic and Glutamic acids were the major amino acids and that the seed flour was deficient in Leucine and Cystine. Physicochemical analysis of the seed oils showed that they could be classified as non-drying oils. Bombcarpsis glabra seed flour had high water and low oil absorption capacities 255.0 and 91.8%, respectively. It could serve as a good gelating agent with at least gelation concentration of 2.0%. The flour had poor foaming capacity but good foaming stability

Fatty acid composition of beef, pork, and poultry fresh cuts, and some of their processed products

Numerous researchers have shown that dietary fats and oils may affect blood lipid levels and the development of cardiovascular diseases, but consumers are receiving mixed messages about the percentage of fat they should consume in their diets, and they can make proper food choices only when they have the right information. Fatty acid profiles of the meat food products in the Venezuelan diet were determined. Methyl esters were analyzed by gas chromatography on a PT 10 per cent Silar-10C on Gas-Chrom Q 100/120 mesh column. Beef cuts presented a predominant presence of oleic acid (36.21 per cent), palmitic (25.67 per cent) and stearic (20.97). Oleic and palmitic acids are present in pork meat at 42.83 and 24.15 per cent respectively; with lesser quantities of stearic and higher amounts of linoleic acid than beef. Poultry products showed a high content of linoleic (19.54 per cent) and low content of stearic (8.22 per cent) acids. Pork, poultry products, and beef liver presented a considerable amount of linoleic acid 11.85 per cent, 19.54 per cent, and 12.09 per cent, respectively.